Signaling and function of cardiac autonomic nervous system receptors: Insights from the GPCR signalling universe

The two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), adrenergic and cholinergic, exert a multitude effects on human myocardium thanks to activation distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed plasma membranes cardiac myocytes, fibroblasts, coronary vascular endothelial cells. Norepinephrine (NE)/epinephrine (Epi) acetylcholine (ACh) are released from ANS terminals mediate biological actions heart via stimulation or muscarinic receptors, respectively. In addition, several other neurotransmitters/hormones act as facilitators neurotransmission in heart, taking part so-called nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) ANS's control function. These NANC mediators also use different cell membrane-residing GPCRs their myocardium. Cardiac dysfunction an imbalance between activities its underlie variety cardiovascular diseases, failure hypertension artery disease, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias. this review, we present main well-established signaling modalities used by GPCRs, including for salient mediators, highlight latest developments pertaining type-specific signal transduction, resulting each these receptors.